Tuning transparency and opacity

Making a dark human hair transparent, or an opaque bar of silicon transparent: this optical sorcery is possible by manipulating the incident light. This new phenomenon is called ‘mutual extinction and transparency’. Until now only existing in theory, photonics researchers of the University of Twente (MESA+ Institute) demonstrated the effect with experiments. Applications include, for example, broadening the applicability of microscopy, as to include observation of opaque objects. The research team publishes its findings in Physical Review A.

The effect goes beyond the interference we well know: light waves joining together and interfering in a constructive or destructive way. If a light wave passes through an object, the wave is split and deflected in every direction and also interferes with the wave that moves ‘straight on’. If you now send another light wave, under an angle, to the same object, the expectation could be that the deflected light only interferes with the beam that caused the deflection. In reality, there is also interference with the other beam.

Making shadows vanish

And that is where the ‘programming of light’, called Wave Front Shaping, comes in. A well-known example of this technique, invented by the same group in 2007, is sending light to an opaque medium and creating a bright spot at the backside. Is it now possible to ‘tune’ how much light actually passes through and around the object using the two waves? So, is it possible to make a shadow vanish or to make the object as transparent as you want? The answer is yes. In fact, the interplay between the two waves is now programmed to tune transparency and opacity. In their experiments, the researchers demonstrated how this works out for a human hair or a bar of silicon. These objects  can get fully transparent or twice as opaque.

This mutual extinction and transparency effect has nothing to do with picture manipulation afterwards: The effect creates the best circumstances beforehand and thus may enhance microscopy techniques and other applications in which opacity is detrimental and could be tuned away.

The research was done in the Complex Photonics Systems group (COPS), part of UT’s MESA+ Institute. It was made possible by Dutch Research Council (NWO-TTW ‘Free form scattering objects) and the Applied Nanotechnology section of MESA+.

The paper ‘Observation of mutual extinction and transparency in scattered light’, by Rates, Ad Lagendijk, Ozan Akdemir, Allard Mosk and Willem Vos, appears in Physical Review A with DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.104.043515. COPS is also proud to announce that the data used for the publication is available in the Zenodo database with DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5221092